chapter two

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter synthesizes research on student stress with emphasis on those training in medicine and nursing. It outlines how stress is commonly defined, how prevalent it is, what fuels it, the consequences it produces, and the coping strategies students employ. Studies from international, African, and Kenyan settings are woven together to create a backdrop relevant to students at Kenya Medical Training College (KMTC) Migori. The review positions the study variables and highlights gaps the present research intends to address.

2.2 Concept of Stress

Stress is typically framed as a psychological and physiological response that occurs when perceived demands outstrip available coping resources (American Psychological Association, 2022). It can be a momentary jolt the kind that sharpens attention before an exam or a persistent, wearing burden that erodes health over time. Small doses may enhance performance; prolonged exposure does the opposite, compromising both mind and body (Beiter et al., 2019). In student cohorts, especially those in rigorous programs like medicine and nursing, stress commonly manifests as anxiety, disrupted sleep, waning motivation, and emotional exhaustion (Dyrbye et al., 2020).

2.3 Prevalence of Stress Among Students

Stress is widely acknowledged as a public-health concern across age groups and environments. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2020) notes that stress-related mental health issues affect large numbers globally, with students among the more susceptible groups. University surveys frequently report substantial proportions of students experiencing moderate to high stress, with consequences for academic performance and social engagement (Beiter et al., 2019).

Across Africa, socio-economic and educational contexts often amplify these pressures. For example, medical students in Nigeria have linked stress to limited learning resources and high family expectations (Adegoke, Adekeye & Olowookere, 2018). South African research highlights financial strain, exam pressure, and scarce counselling services as recurrent stressors (Pillay & Ngcobo, 2019). Locally, a study at Moi University found many medical and nursing students facing moderate to severe stress tied to heavy coursework and demanding clinical responsibilities (Muriungi & Ndetei, 2020). Taken together, these findings suggest that students at institutions such as KMTC Migori are likely to face comparable strains.

2.4 Sources of Stress Among Students

The literature indicates student stress generally arises from an interplay of academic, financial, social, and institutional factors often messy and overlapping rather than neatly separated.

2.4.1 Academic-Related Stress

Academic demands dense curricula, frequent examinations, tight deadlines, and clinical placements repeatedly surface as primary stressors for medical and nursing students. Kenyan studies on nursing cohorts report that such pressures are commonplace and can precipitate absenteeism and poorer academic outcomes (Otieno, Nyamongo & Wanjohi, 2022). Think of back-to-back clinical shifts followed by compulsory tutorials; it adds up.

2.4.2 Financial-Related Stress

Financial worries form another persistent thread. Concerns about tuition, housing, daily expenses, and obligations to support family members create ongoing strain and erode students capacity to focus (Nwankwo, Chukwuorji & Ifeagwazi, 2021). For some, the need to pick up part-time work between classes compounds fatigue and anxiety.

2.4.3 Social and Family-Related Stress

Social dynamics and familial expectations also contribute. Pressure to meet high standards, competition among peers, and additional household responsibilities increase emotional load particularly where students are expected to be breadwinners while attending classes (Pillay & Ngcobo, 2019). The tension between duty at home and study demands is a recurrent theme.

2.4.4 Institutional and Environmental Stress

Institutional factors overcrowded lecture halls, scarce learning materials, and limited access to mental health services have been linked to heightened stress. These issues tend to be sharper in resource-constrained settings, including parts of Migori County where infrastructure and support systems can be thin (KNBS, 2022).

2.5 Effects of Stress on Students

Evidence shows stress influences several areas of students lives.

2.5.1 Effects on Academic Performance

Stress impairs concentration, memory, and learning capacity, often translating into lower grades and disengagement from coursework (Beiter et al., 2019). Students under heavy strain may underperform in exams or avoid academic activities entirely.

2.5.2 Effects on Mental and Physical Health

Chronic stress raises the likelihood of mental health problems anxiety, depressive symptoms, and burnout and commonly disrupts sleep patterns. Physical complaints such as headaches, persistent fatigue, and gastrointestinal disturbances are frequently reported (Dyrbye et al., 2020). It becomes a vicious circle: poor sleep worsens stress, and stress worsens sleep.

2.5.3 Effects on Social Relationships

High stress can strain relationships. Irritability, withdrawal, and reduced communication with peers and family are common, and ironically, this isolation removes social supports that might otherwise help students cope (Nwankwo, Chukwuorji & Ifeagwazi, 2021).

2.6 Coping Strategies Adopted by Students

Coping strategies are the methods students use to manage stress and its fallout.

2.6.1 Problem-Focused Coping Strategies

Problem-focused tactics attempt to tackle stressors directly for instance, improved time management, structured study plans, and seeking academic assistance from tutors or classmates (Otieno, Nyamongo & Wanjohi, 2022). These approaches aim at fixing the root cause.

2.6.2 Emotion-Focused Coping Strategies

Emotion-focused methods target the feelings rather than the problem itself: relaxation techniques, meditation, prayer, exercise, or conversations with friends and family are typical examples (Beiter et al., 2019). They help regulate the emotional response, if not the trigger.

2.6.3 Maladaptive Coping Strategies

Some students adopt maladaptive behaviors substance use, avoidance, or social withdrawal. These might offer brief relief but tend to worsen academic and mental health outcomes over time (Nwankwo, Chukwuorji & Ifeagwazi, 2021).

2.6.4 Institutional Coping Interventions

Institutions can play a role by offering counselling, peer-support groups, stress-management workshops, and recreational activities. The literature suggests these supports can strengthen coping and improve overall student well-being (Muriungi & Ndetei, 2020). Yet availability and uptake vary.

2.7 Gaps in Literature

While many studies address student stress globally and within Kenya, research specifically focused on KMTC Migori students is limited. The combined effects of academic burden, socio-economic pressures, and locally adopted coping strategies remain under-documented for this setting. This study therefore aims to fill that gap by exploring the stressors and coping mechanisms among KMTC Migori students, with a view to informing interventions that fit the local context. rewrite this AI-generated text.