GEOLOGY LAB 2

Name: _______________________________COMPUTERS REQUIRED

LAB 2: YOUR ENERGY FOOTPRINT PART 1

Week of January 27th January 31st

INTRODUCTION

We have talked in this class about energy consumption, emphasizing the ways that the total of our individual actions add-up to the big picture of energy use that you explored in lab 1 last week, as illustrated by the energy flow diagram for the US, which shows all of the energy sources and uses in the country.

In lab over the next two weeks, your goal is going to be to think in more detail about your own life and the ways that you use energy. This is with the ultimate goal of calculating and analyzing your own personal energy footprint.

Were going to follow the model of David Mackay, in his book , free online, in which he breaks down energy consumption into the following categories, which you can feel free to read if youd like to see what this lab is based on:

(1) Driving Chapter 3:

(2) Flying Chapter 5:

(3) Heating & cooling Chapter 7:

(4) Lighting Chapter 9:

(5) Electronic devices Chapter 11:

(6) Food & farming Chapter 13:

(7) National defense Chapter 17:

(8) Commercial buildings Not something that Mackay did separately

During this weeks lab session, you will look at the data that we have collected from these chapters and estimate your own values instead the UK-centric average values estimated by Mackay. This will give you a chance to think about the ways that you use energy. Next week, you will complete these calculations, graph the results, and discuss what you have found.

ESTIMATING YOUR LIFESTYLE

The intent of this lab is for you to get a general picture of your energy footprint, so dont get too hung up on the specific details in any one category. Well be estimating and averaging, so minor details here and there wont have a major impact on the big picture that were creating. The main purpose of this lab is to get you thinking more deeply and quantitatively about how you use energy, but this lab is also a good illustration of the power of making approximate estimates in thinking about big-picture questions. Every little action that we take in our lives might not seem like much, but these actions can add up over time to become far more significant than we might imagine.

(1a) DRIVING (Cars)

1. Our first estimate is for how far you drive each year, on average. Once we know that, we can divide it by 365 to figure out how far you drive each day, on average. Consider your daily commute. This could include driving from your home to school and work, for example. Also included is how far you drive for regular errands like going to the grocery store. If youre not sure, use Google Maps or an app on your phone to determine distances. In your estimate, make sure you factor in frequency. For example, if your commute to school is 10 miles, and you commute to school 262 days out of the year, then you would multiply 10 miles x 262 days to estimate how many miles you drive each year for your commute. Do the same for errands and other driving tasks like trips. If you used ride sharing services (such as Uber or Lyft), or taxis, you should count those miles in the total as well, depending upon whether they were used for commute, errands, or trips. Determine the number of miles and the number of days that you likely traveled those miles and multiply them together to get the total for each category (commute, errands, trips). Feel free to simplify your commute routine if you need to. We just need an estimate.

2. Add together the total miles from each of the categories below to determine the total estimate of miles for a year.

3. Divide the total estimate of miles for a year by 365 days to determine the total estimate of miles for a day.

	Distance in Miles	x	Number of Days	=	Total miles for Category
Commute		x		=
Errands		x		=
Trips		x		=
Other		x		=
Total estimate of miles for a year				=
Total estimate of miles for a day				=

4. Now, estimate the gas mileage (miles per gallon, or MPG) of your most frequently used car. You can estimate this from the color figure MILES PER GALLON FOR DIFFERENT VEHICLES, or you can use the US EPA to find your specific car:

Electric vehicles are reported as miles per gallon equivalent (MPGe) which converts between the electricity use per mile and an equivalent amount of gasoline. For consistency, use the MPGe value reported in the calculation below if you are using an electric car. MPGe can be acquired from the color figure MILES PER GALLON FOR DIFFERENT VEHICLES, or you can use the US EPA to find your specific car:

Vehicle type =

Miles per gallon =

5. The energy contained within a liter of gasoline is 10 kWh per liter, but we need kWh per gallon. There are 3.785 liters per gallon, so convert the 10 kWh per liter into kWh per gallon by multiplying by 3.785.

Energy per gallon of fuel = _______ kWh per gallon

6. Were now ready to calculate the energy you use per day for driving according to the following equation:

Energy used per day for driving = _______________ kWh

(1b) DRIVING (PUBLIC TRANSPORT)

7. What if you rely more on public transport than driving, or a combination of the two? Although the proportion of energy use for public transport is much lower than for driving and flying when considered nationally, public transit may be much more important for some of us individually. Examine the table of Modal Energy Use Per PKT in 44 cities, 2005-06 showing typical energy use for different modes of public transport systems in major cities around the world (from Kenworthy, Urban Energy Transitions, 2018). Pick your city, or one from the table that seems most similar to your city, and also pick the mode of transportation you use. Write down the energy use per passenger kilometer, which reflects the energy used to transport one passenger (you) for one kilometer.

If you dont use public transport (or use it very little), you can ignore this section. If you use more than one mode of public transport (say both bus and subway), choose the one that you use most frequently.

Type of public transport you use =

City most similar to yours from the table =

Energy use per passenger km (PKT) for your public transit =

8. Now, estimate the distance you travel via public transit, as above for driving. Multiply the distance in miles that you might travel on a given day and then multiply it by the number of days out of the year that you would take that particular trip. This will give you the total miles of public transportation that you take for a year. If you take multiple routes, then choose your most common public transportation route to estimate.

	Distance in Miles	x	Number of Days	=	Total miles for a year
Public Transport		x		=

9. Multiply these total miles by 1.609 to get it into total kilometers for a year, then divide the estimate of total kilometers for a year by 365 days to determine the total estimate of kilometers for a day.

Total estimate of kilometers for a day =

10. Now, multiply the total estimate of kilometers for a day by the energy use per PKT for that mode of transport (from above), to calculate you average daily use of energy for public transport:

Your average daily energy use for public transport (in MJ) =

11. This value is in MJ (Megajoules) because that is what is reported in the table. To compare this to our other calculations, we need to convert it to kWh. There are 3.6 MJ per kWh, so divide the number above by 3.6 to arrive at your energy use for public transport in kWh per day:

Energy used per day for public transportation= _______________ kWh

12. Add the energy used per day for cars and energy used per day for public transportation to determine your energy used per day for driving. This is the sum of energy used in kWh from 1a and 1b.

1. ENERGY USED PER DAY FOR DRIVING = __________ kWh

(2) FLYING

Now, lets add in the energy use for flights you took in a year (pre-pandemic). Well take the average of data compiled for Transatlantic routes in 2014 by the to determine our fuel efficiency. Fuel efficiency is measured in pax-km/L fuel, which represents the number of passenger miles flown on a liter of fuel. In essence, this is the same as the miles per gallon for your car but, in this case, for your individual seat on the plane. If you dont fly, then skip this section.

13. First, estimate how many miles you might fly in a typical, pre-pandemic year. If youre not sure, you can look up estimates here:

Miles you flew over a typical year =

14. Now, estimate how much fuel your flights were responsible for consuming. Well use the average value of 32 km/liter fuel. Convert this number to miles/liter by multiplying times 0.62 miles/km:

Fuel consumption for my flight miles, in miles per liter =

15. Now, calculate the energy consumed for your flights in the same way you did for driving miles:

Well assume jet fuel has the same energy content as gasoline and use 10 kWh per liter as the energy per liter fuel.

Energy used for flying in a year =

16. Then divide this value by 365 to calculate your energy per day for flying.

2. ENERGY USED PER DAY FOR FLYING = __________ kWh

(3) HEATING AND COOLING AT HOME

Lets move on to assessing our use of energy for heating and cooling. This part of our energy footprint is a bit more complex because there are lots of ways that we use heat (and cooling) in our daily lives. So, well break it down piece-by-piece and, at the end, tally up those individual pieces. To help you keep track, each piece is in bold font below and given a roman numeral.

17. First is the energy for bathing and showering. A bath uses about 5 kWh, and a shower uses about 1.4 kWh. Determine how many of each you take a week and multiply them by their respective energy consumed. Add the total energy for baths and showers to get the total estimate of energy for a week.

	Number per Week	x	Energy Consumed	=	Total energy for Category
Bath		x	5 kWh	=
Shower			1.4 kWh	=
Total estimate of energy for a week				=

18. Now divide your total estimate of energy for a week by 7 to determine the estimate of your total daily energy use for bathing/showering.

(i) Estimate of your total daily energy use for bathing/showering =

Next, consider the energy for hot water and cooking. For hot drinks, assume 16 oz of water had to be raised 90C, from tap water temperature (10C) to boiling (100C). The energy required to do this is approximately 0.055 kWh per 16 oz drink.

19. Multiply this value times the number of 16 oz hot drinks you typically have per day:

(ii) Estimate of your total daily energy use for hot drinks =

20. You can calculate the energy you use for cooking as well according to the following values.

Stovetop burners = 2.3 kW

Regular oven = 3 kW

Microwave = 1.4 kW

These numbers describe power (kilowatts, or thousands of Watts). Remember power is the amount of energy used per time. To estimate the total energy that you used for each of these cooking devices per day, multiply the power (in kW) by the number of hours or fractions of hours you use them each day to get kWh per day. Sum all three together when youre done to get the estimate of your total energy use per day for cooking.

Your stovetop burner energy use per day =

Your regular oven energy use per day =

Your microwave energy use per day =

(iii) Estimate of your total energy use per day for cooking =

21. Lets do the same thing for the washing machine, tumble dryer, and dishwasher, which each use about 2.5 kW when running. Multiply the power (in kW) by the number of hours or fractions of hours you use them each day to get kWh per day. Sum all three together when youre done to get the total energy.

Your washing machine energy use per day =

Your tumble dryer energy use per day =

Your dishwasher energy use per day =

(iv) Estimate of your total energy use per day for machine cleaning =

22. What about washing dishes or laundry by hand? For this, lets work on the basis of the amount of energy it takes to heat hot water as we did above for bathing. Kitchen faucets use about 1.5 gallons of water per minute. So, estimate how many minutes you would have the tap running with warm water for washing dishes or laundry by hand, and add any time for washing your face and hands. Multiply this time by 1.5 gallons per minute and also multiply it by 3.785 to convert from gallons to liters:

Liters of warm water you use for washing by hand each day:

23. When we use hot water, we typically warm it from 10C to about 40C. This change in temperature requires about 126,000 J/liter. To calculate the energy (in joules) you use per day for washing by hand, use the following equation:

Energy for washing by hand = 126,000J/liter x liters of warm water you use per day

Energy (in joules) for washing by hand =

24. This number is in joules. Convert to kWh by dividing by 3,600,000.

(v) Your total energy use per day for washing by hand in kWh =

25. Now we can move on to hot air what we often call space heating, meaning heating of the spaces we live in. This is trickier because we all have different sized homes, live in different climates not to mention the varying energy efficiency of our homes, and different temperatures we keep them at, among other factors.

Lets start with climate. The US Department of Energy has estimated what they call the Heating Degree Days (HDDs) for locations around the US, based on how much colder the temperature is outside compared to a reasonably comfortable temperature of 65 degrees Fahrenheit (F), equivalent to ~18C. You can look up the number of Heating Degree Days in 2019 for various US and Canadian cities at this website:

Find the city nearest to your home and write down the HDD65 value for your location or use the HDD65 for Los Angeles, which is a value of 1291. If you live outside the US and Canada, pick a North American city that you think has the most similar climate.

Heating Degree Days per year for your location =

26. Next you need to estimate the size of the heated space in your home. Larger homes take more energy to heat. Well use square footage of floor area, ignoring ceiling height.

Estimate of the square footage of your home =

27. Now were in a position to estimate your energy use for heating on the basis that a reasonably energy efficient home uses about 6 BTU/sq. ft./HDD, based on data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration. This can vary a lot. Homes that are kept on the cooler side may require under 5 BTU/sq. ft./HDD while those that are kept very warm may use over 25 BTU/sq. ft./HDD. Well work with the average value of 6 BTU/sq. ft./HDD for energy intensity. Convert this 6 BTU/sq. ft./HDD to Joules, based on 1055 Joules/BTU, so multiply by 1055.

Estimate of energy intensity for heating in your home (J/sq. ft./HDD) =

28. Now calculate your estimate of energy use for home heating according to the following equation:

Energy used for home heating per year (in joules) =

HDD in your location x square footage of your home x energy intensity

Energy used for home heating per year (in joules) =

29. Finally, convert to kWh by dividing by 3,600,000, and from yearly to daily average energy use by dividing again by 365.

(vi) Energy used for home heating (in kWh per day) =

30. If you use a patio heater or a small space heater, lets add that into your total, based on a power consumption of 15 kW per patio heater or small heater. First, multiply the energy consumed for a heater (15 kW) by the number of hours a day it would be used and how many days out of the year it would be used. Perform the same calculation for an electric blanket (0.14 kW) if you use one. Both are considered to be what is referred to as comfort heating. Once complete, add the total energy for a patio or small space heater and electric blanket together to get the total estimate of energy for a year.

	Energy consumed	x	Hours a day	x	Number of days	=	Energy for category
Small Heater	15 kW	x		x
Elec. Blanket	0.14 kW			x
Total estimate of energy for a year						=

31. Now divide your total estimate of energy for a year by 365 to determine the estimate of your total daily energy use per day for comfort heating.

(vii) Estimate of your total energy use per day for comfort heating =

32. Now lets add cooling, starting with your refrigerator-freezer. A standard-size refrigerator-freezer uses about 100 W on average, and it runs all day long. So, that is 100 W x 24 hours per day = 2400 Wh, or about 2.4 kWh. If you use a mini fridge instead, well divide by 2 for a value of 1.2 kWh. No calculation here. Just write your specific kWh value below.

(viii) Estimate of your total energy use per day for refrigeration =

33. Finally, lets think about air conditioning. The energy you use for space cooling will vary a lot on the size of your home, whether you have air conditioning at all, and what climate you live in. Well follow a similar routine to the calculation for space heating. Start with the Cooling Degree Days (CDDs), from the same website we used above for heating and use the CDD65 value for your city. Los Angeles has a CDD65 value of 469.5, if youd like to use that one.

Cooling Degree Days per year for your location =

34. How much energy does cooling take? Lets assume that cooling takes about the same amount of energy as heating, since most of the requirements here are to make up for heat lost (or gained) through the walls and windows. For our purposes, lets use the same value you did for heating, 6 BTUs/sq. ft./CDD for energy intensity. Convert this to Joules, based on 1055 Joules/BTU, so multiply by 1055.

Estimate of energy intensity for air conditioning in your home (J/sq. ft./CDD) =

35. Now calculate your estimate of energy use for air conditioning. Of course, if you know you dont have AC in your home, or you dont use it at all, then your value will be zero.

Energy used for home air conditioning (in joules) =

CDD in your location x square footage of your home x energy intensity

Energy used for home air conditioning per year (in joules) =

36. Finally, as above for space heating, convert to kWh by dividing by 3,600,000, and from yearly to daily average energy use by dividing again by 365:

(ix) Energy used for home air conditioning (in kWh per day) =

37. At long last, tally up each of the different ways that you use energy for heating and cooling: the values from (i) through (ix) above. Note: you may have noticed that we have only estimated your energy use for heating and cooling in your home. We have ignored the heating and cooling for the service sector (restaurants, coffee shops, etc.) and for workplaces. Well come back to these later.

3. ENERGY USED PER DAY FOR HEATING AND COOLING = __________ kWh

(4) LIGHTING

38. This should be a fairly straightforward one: think about how many lightbulbs you have in your home and how often you have them turned on. Estimate energy use separately for incandescent (and halogen) light bulbs versus low-energy (fluorescent or LED) bulbs. See diagram below. This is relevant because these different bulb types have very different power usage.

Energy use in Watt-hours (Wh) for incandescent bulbs =

75 W (typical brightness) x number of bulbs x hours on per day =

Energy use in Watt-hours (Wh) for low-energy bulbs =

10 W (typical brightness) x number of bulbs x hours on per day =

39. Now calculate your total energy use for lighting based on the sum of the energy use from the bulb types above, and then divide by 1000 to get the value in kWh (rather than Wh).

4. ENERGY USED PER DAY FOR LIGHTING = __________ kWh

(5) ELECTRONIC DEVICES (GADGETS)

40. Electronic devices and gadgets of all kinds have become a part of our everyday lives, and they all require energy. Consult the table POWER CONSUMPTION FOR DIFFERENT GADGETS. Using this table, tally up an estimate of your own use of electricity considering all of the devices on this list. For each device, multiply the watts by the number of hours you use it a day. There are multiple devices that you may use for differing amounts of time in active versus inactive states, so do your best to simplify. Were just looking for a rough estimate, not a perfect accounting. When complete, the result for each device is in watt-hours (Wh). Total up all these watt-hours for each device and divide by 1000 to get your energy consumption in kilowatt-hours (kWh). This is the energy you use for electronic devices (gadgets).

5. ENERGY USED PER DAY FOR ELECTRONIC DEVICES = __________ kWh PLEASE COMPLETE THIS ALL TRUE AND BASE IT OFF WHAT YOU THINK i need to get a good grade do not use any ai

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